DIFFERENT CONCEPTS OF BEAUTY

I believe that the concept of beauty differs according to time and places. During the renaissance period, people thought that plump women were gorgeous. In contrast, nowadays women who are slim are considered attractive. In the 1950’s, fashion thrends made women believe that they would look more stunning if they had curly hair, whereas today, a straight and long hairstyle is preffered. Previously in America and Europe, people with light complexions were considered attractive, while nowadays many people think that they look more exotic if they are tanned.

SNSD - Girl Band from South Korea

Angelina Jolie - Holliwood Artist

However, geography also plays a role in determining the concept of beauty. For example, an Indian woman with long and straight black hair is considered beautiful. In Africa , on the other hand, a woman with curly hair is thought of as good looking. In some parts of Africa , women wear tattoos as symbols of beauty while Chinese women go for flawless skin without any marks. So time and place really determine people’s perspectives of beauty

Miss Angola Miss Universe 2011

The participants of the Miss Universe beauty pageant are diserve, some of them, especially those who come from European countries, have fair complexions. On the other hand, the participants who come from latin America countries are more tanned. Indonesians are generally fair skinned, however people in the eastern part of Indonesia have darker complexions.

Dian Sastro - Indonesians Artist

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Gravity. Is that Street art ??

Is this art or vandalism?

Graffiti is writing or drawing with the use of aerosol spray and paints on surfaces that are open to the public eye like walls and pillars. graffiti art is an individual artist's decorative expression of personal creativity on the medium of existing, archaic structures - one person's personal manifestation of original, organic creations that adhere to a specific place in time for an undetermined duration.

Some people consider it as an art that emphasizes dynamic youth but others regard it as a form of vandalism and thus, an illegal act. We have to report all graffiti activity to the police. Many people see graffiti as an intriguing and sophisticated style of painting, but others resent it because some of the drawings are gross and imporer. In addition, graffiti practitioners often disregard people’s properties and owner’s rights. What do you think?

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The Advantages Of Social Media for Me !

Currently, who don't use social networks to communicate? Increasingly sophisticated technology make people in the world use the Internet, especially social network as a communication medium distance. The first time I used Friendster social network, but its function is still limited only to send the wall, messages, upload photos and update shoutout. Then came facebook. Social network that one is interesting because it not only as a means of exchanging information, but many are using it to play games, electronics sales & photo tools that can be uploaded anf tag to a person who is in our photos and the most popular today is twitter, because more simple in use and more effective to deliver news.

I feel all the benefits of Friendster, facebook and twitter are using the social network I can gather in community Badminton Lovers. I really love this one sports because many handsome and beautiful athletes. I can watch badminton tournament with badminton lovers, Im very happy for having known them in any social networking from outside of Java such as Sumatra, Kalimantan and even Papua. wow! I'm glad to know them all, because it can increase my knowledge of sports, especially badminton and the most memorable I can meet my idols and take pictures together with Liliyana Natsir and Taufik Hidayat. Yeaaayy: D

Sea Games 2011 with Rina ( my BestFriend in BL )

Liliyana Natsir & Taufik Hidayat ( My idol )

1st Gathering BL at PIM

Celebrate Birthday Lee Yong Dae

Indonesia Open 2009 with my friend in Senior High School

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Resume Chapter 3 - Theorizing Knowledge in Organizations

In order to better understand the notion of “managing” knowledge, there is a need to better understand what it is about knowledge flow in organizations that lends itself to any form of management. The process view, on the other hand, largely emphasizes the emergent nature of knowledge that is often embedded within a person or within organizational routines, activities, and outcomes, or arises from the interplay of persons and existing information or knowledge.

In the course of innovation and production of goods and services, information and knowledge are regarded as central inputs to organizational processes. Learning and knowledge are then seen as direct outcomes of activities performed commensurate with the organization’s central mission and core competencies. Whether as a resource or as a process, for organizations that have begun to recognize organizational knowledge as a source of competitive advantage, knowledge generation and retention have become strategic necessities for such knowledge dependent firms.

While knowledge itself may be perceived as a resource, its creation occurs through human interactions, whether physical or virtual. For example, for knowledge to emerge from within a group, interactions that occur among its members shape the knowledge that emerges from the mutual engagement and participation of the group members.
Nonaka and Takeuchi are the most prominent theorists in the knowledge management domain. Their SECI (Socialization, Externalization, Combination, Internalization) model posits a spiral-type process in which knowledge goes from within a person’s own knowledge store to a more explicit state that can be shared socially with others.This happens through a series of transformations that involve externalization and combination of what a person learns with experience and beliefs and then to the internalization stage where one takes what is learned and incorporates it within.

By suggesting an alternative stance of knowing as mediated, situated, provisional, pragmatic, and contested, as opposed to a more classic view of knowledge as embodied, embrained, encultured, and encoded, Blackler recognizes that knowledge permeates activity systems within the organization. proposes that knowledge can be observed as emerging out of the tensions that arise within an organization’s activity systems, that is, among individuals and their communities, their environment (rules and regulations), and the instruments and resources that mediate their activities.

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Resume Chapter 2 - Background Bibliograpich Analysis

In the early years of KM, it was probably a very safe assumption that almost all KMarticles would have the phrase “knowledge management” in the title, but as the KM field has grown, that almost certainly is no longer a safe assumption. There are now numerous articles about “communities of practice” or “enterprise content management” or “lessons learned” that clearly are KM focused, but they do not use the phrase “knowledge management” in the title.

The significance of the KM growth pattern becomesmuch more apparent when one compares it with the pattern of other major business enthusiasms of recent years. The difference is dramatic. Quality Circles, Business Process Engineering, and Total Quality Management all show an almost identical pattern of approximately five years of dramatic, exponential, growth, then they peak and fall off to near nothing almost as quickly. KM, by contrast, has that same period of five years of exponential growth, 1994 to 1999, but in the decade since it has not declined, rather it has continued to grow steadily and consistently. All the hallmarks are here of a rather permanent development. There has also been substantial interest in the academic world concerning KM.The database ‘Dissertations and Theses’ includes bibliographic information about theses published by graduate students at accredited North American institutions from 1861, and from 50 European universities since 1988. A search of the database showed that all of the dissertations and theses with ‘knowledge management’ in the title or in the key word fields have been published since 1996.





In general, the number of dissertations focusing on some aspect of knowledge management rises gradually until 2006 and has remained steady with about 100 theses produced each year in English with, however, a decline in 2008 and 2009.
An interesting observation is that there was a very brief spurt of articles about KM in journals devoted to education, but that interest soon waned. This is likely a function of the fact that KM, as mentioned previously has a very corporatist and organizational emphasis, while for most academic principals, the faculty, their commitment to their field, their discipline and sub-discipline, their “invisible college” comes first. Their commitment to their nominal home institution is quite secondary. And, for most of those faculty, their invisible college already functions as their community of practice.

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Resume Chapter 1 of KM

Definitions of KM :

1. “Knowledge management is the process of capturing, distributing, and effectively using knowledge” - Davenport,T. (1994)
2. “A discipline that promotes an integrated approach to identifying, capturing, evaluating, retrieving, and sharing all of an enterprise’s information assets. These assets may include databases, documents, policies, procedures, and previously uncaptured expertise and experience in individual workers” - (Duhon, 1998)
3. “KM is an effort to increase useful knowledge within the organization.Ways to do this include encouraging communication, offering opportunities to learn, and promoting the sharing of appropriate knowledge objects or artifacts.” - McInerney, C. (2002)

The earliest instances of KM, as the term is understood today, derive from the consulting world, from which the principles of KM eventually spread to other disciplines.The consulting firms quickly realized the potential of the Intranet flavor of the Internet for linking together their own geographically dispersed knowledge based organizations. In a sense, KM also has roots in the implementation of Supply Chain Management (SCM) software and business process reengineering (BPR) as well as the more recent development of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP). IT development has always displayed a pattern, of growth from more structured data to less tractable, less well structured, or comparatively unstructured data. Remember that text processing was at one time called “string handling,” because to people brought up on handling numeric data, text was most conveniently thought of as a string of symbols. In that sense, SCM & BPR & ERP to KM, represent a logical and predictable progression toward unstructured information and knowledge.

Another aspect of KM’s relationship to ICT is that KM emerged at approximately the same time as the cost of personal computers dropped to the degree that PC’s became cost effective and affordable desktop tools for the ordinary person. The situation with KM is quite analogous to the very similar concern a few decades back that “word processing” was a lousy descriptor. One processed meat, of course, but surely not words.Words made poetry.However, word processing was the term the industry, then principally IBM and Wang, chose to use, and that is the term that stuck.

Given this background information, another good functional definition of KM and how it developed is the equestrian metaphor of “by the intranet out of intellectual capital” [Koenig,M., 2000a].By this definition,KM has two parents, the enthusiasm for and the appreciation of intellectual capital, and the development of the Internet and its offspring, intranets and extranets. Intellectual Capital is, in turn, a token of the larger recognition of the importance of information and knowledge.

In observing the development of KM as practiced, described, and discussed at professional meetings, conferences, and trade shows, one can observe three clear stages.

The first stage, these groups also realized that internal communication and information sharing was often lacking. If knowledge could be shared more effectively, then the efficiency would increase business and the bottom line would improve. When the internet emerged, they realized that the intranet flavor of the internet provided a valuable tool to accomplish knowledge coordination and sharing. The first stage of KM focused on the deployment of new technology to accomplish these information sharing goals. A new product needs a name and a theme or rationale. The name for their new product was Knowledge Management. The crucial thematic justification for KM was intellectual capital, a theme that had emerged as a burgeoning topic in the business literature just a few of years earlier.

The second stage, ’if you build it they will come’ is a fallacy stage. In other words, the recognition that building KM systems alone is not sufficient and can easily lead to quick and embarrassing failure if human factors are not sufficiently taken into account. Both were not only about the human factors of KM implementation and use, they were also about knowledge creation as well as knowledge sharing and communication

The third stage was the awareness of the importance of content, and, in particular, an awareness of the importance of the retrievability and, therefore, of the importance of the arrangement, description, and structure of that content. Since a good alternate description for the second stage of KM is the “it’s no good if they don’t use it” stage, then in that vein, perhaps the best description for the new third stage is the “it’s no good if they can’t find it” stage, or perhaps “it’s no good if they try to use it, but can’t find it.”

The Three Stages of KM

STAGE I “By the Internet out of Intellectual Capital”
• Information Technology
• Intellectual Capital
• The Internet (including intranets, extranets, etc.)
Key Phrases: “best practices,” later replaced by the more politic “lessons learned”

STAGE II Human and cultural dimensions, the HR, Human Relations stage
• Communities of Practice
• Organizational Culture
• The Learning Organization (Senge), and
• Tacit Knowledge (Nonaka) incorporated into KM
Key Phrase: “communities of practice”

STAGE III Content and Retrievability
• Structuring content and assigning descriptors (index terms)
Key Phrases: “ content management” and “taxonomies”

STAGE IV ? Access to External Information
• Emphases upon External Information and the recognition of the Importance of Context
Key Terms: “context” and “extranet”


KM may also be displayed and to a degree defined graphically through mapping. The following presents an expanded form of a graphic used by IBM in their KM consultancy to explain the value and purpose of KM.

Information / Knowledge related business enthusiasms and hot topics of the last quarterCentury : (Listed in approximate chronological order with the most recent first; note that these are topics, not specific dated events)
1. Enterprise Content Management (ECM)
2. Supply Chain Management (SCM)
3. Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
4. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
5. Knowledge Management (KM)
6. Intellectual Capital (IC)
7. E-business
8. DataWarehousing / Data Mining
9. Core Competencies
10.Business Process Re-Engineering
11.The shift from Hierarchies to Markets, both economic and political
12.Competitive Intelligence (CI)
13.Total Quality Management (TQM) and Benchmarking
14.Information Technology (IT) and Organizational Structure
15.Information Resource Management (IRM)
16.Enterprise-Wide Information Analysis (IBM Inc.)
17.Management Information Systems (MIS) to (Decision Support Systems (DSS) and the importance Of External Information
18.I.T. as Competitive Advantage
19.Managing the Archipelago (of Information Services)
20.Information Systems Stage Hypotheses (Nolan, Rockart, Gibson & Jackson, Marchand,
Koenig, &Zachman)
21.Decision Analysis
22.Data Driven Systems Design (the fundamental basis of Structured Programming)
23.I.T. and Productivity
24.Minimization of Unallocated Cost


We have always had trouble defining KM, and now we have another definition, or more exactly a new metaphor, KM is the name for that newly recognized forest of all the trees of information and knowledge (small ‘k’) management.


A final way to view KM is to observe KM as the movement to replicate the information environment known to be conducive to successful R&D - rich, deep, and open communication and information access - and deploy it broadly across the firm. The principles and practices of KM have developed in a very conducive environment, given that in this post-industrial information age, an increasingly larger proportion of the population consists of information workers.

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Simple ChryptoGraphy !

Cryptography is science or art to scramble messages. people who do cryptography called kriptograper and crypto system is a system to encrypt and descrypt messaging system.
A good crypto system:
1. ciphertext should look random
2. space key to be a large
3. key is more important than the algorithm

Explanation
Plaintext : the actual messages (messages that have not been at random)
Encryption Algorithm : The algorithm used to scramble messages
Ciphertext: The message is encrypted
Descryption Algorithm : The algorithm used to restore a scrambled message

Key: the key used to encrypt messages and descriptions
Kinds of Cryptography:
A. Symmetric Cryptography
Which uses the same cryptographic keys during encryption and message descriptions (only have one key)
2. Asymmetric Cryptography
Use different cryptographic keys during the encryption and description messages (public key to encrypt messages while the private key to descrypt message)

Asymmetric cryptographic algorithm more complicated than asymmetric cryptographic algorithm, but its will be more use secure.

Basic techniques of cryptography:
A. ASSOCIATE / Caesar Cipher
Step algorithm: making a substitution table (provided free) the random table created will be more difficult to solve.
Example:
Initial table : ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
Table substitution: KLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZABCDEFGHIJ

Plaintext : Knowledge Management
Ciphertext: Uxygvonqo wkxktowoxd

A SAMPLE PROGRAM USING C + + PROGRAMMING



Initial View Program



2. Blocking

Encryption techniques to divide the plaintext into blocks of some of the characters to be encrypted independently.

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